Exploring Energy Storage Techniques: Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air, Flywheel, and Superconducting Mag

 Exploring Energy Storage Techniques: Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air, Flywheel, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Introduction: Energy storage is crucial in shaping a sustainable future, balancing power supply, and supporting renewable energy. Four notable technologies—Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Flywheel Energy Storage, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)—play vital roles in this domain. Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) is the most established large-scale energy storage technology. It operates by pumping water to an upper reservoir during low demand and releasing it to a lower reservoir during peak demand, driving turbines to generate electricity. With high efficiency (70-85%) and long lifespan, PHS is ideal for large-scale applications. However, it requires specific geographical features and significant initial investment. Fig.1: Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)  Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) stores energy...