Exploring Energy Storage Techniques: Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air, Flywheel, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

 Exploring Energy Storage Techniques: Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air, Flywheel, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Introduction:

Energy storage is crucial in shaping a sustainable future, balancing power supply, and supporting renewable energy. Four notable technologies—Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Flywheel Energy Storage, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)—play vital roles in this domain.

Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) is the most established large-scale energy storage technology. It operates by pumping water to an upper reservoir during low demand and releasing it to a lower reservoir during peak demand, driving turbines to generate electricity. With high efficiency (70-85%) and long lifespan, PHS is ideal for large-scale applications. However, it requires specific geographical features and significant initial investment.

Fig.1: Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) 

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) stores energy by compressing air in underground caverns or tanks. The compressed air is later heated and expanded through turbines to generate power. While scalable for bulk storage, CAES has moderate efficiency (42-54%) and relies on suitable geological formations. Innovations like thermal integration aim to enhance its performance.

Fig.2: Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Flywheel Energy Storage uses the kinetic energy of a spinning rotor to store and release power. With efficiencies of 85-95% and rapid response times, it’s excellent for short-term energy needs and grid stabilization. However, it offers limited capacity and is best suited for applications like uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).

Fig.3: Flywheel Energy Storage 

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) stores energy in a magnetic field created by current flowing through a superconducting coil. Known for its near-instantaneous response and ultra-high efficiency (~95%), SMES is ideal for power quality applications. Its high costs and specialized infrastructure needs limit its scalability for bulk storage.

Fig.4: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Comparison:

CONTRIBUTERS

1. Sharayu Khandagale 

2. Sakshi Kotwal

3. Sunidhi Chaudante